“I don’t think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I’m an optimist. We will reach out to the stars.” — Stephen Hawking, theoretical physicist and cosmologist

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The Eagle

The Eagle

                                             

                                    The Lunar Module was a two-stage vehicle designed for space operations near and on the Moon. The spacecraft mass of 15,065 kg was the mass of the LM including astronauts, propellants and expendables.The Eagle was divided into two parts: the ascent stage and the descent stage. Basically, the two units would go to the moon together as one device,but only the ascent stage

 would go back to rendezvous and dock into the CSM of the Apollo 11. The descent stage comprised the lower part of the spacecraft and was an octagonal prism 4.2 metres across and 1.7 metres thick. It served as a platform for launching the ascent stage and was left behind on the Moon.

                               The unit contained the landing rocket, two tanks of aerozine 50 fuel, two tanks of nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer, water, oxygen and helium tanks and storage space for the lunar equipment and experiments. The engine was a deep-throttling ablative rocket with a maximum thrust of about 45,000 N mounted on a gimbal ring in the center of the descent stage. Four landing legs with round footpads were mounted on the sides, which held the bottom of the stage about 1.5 metres above the surface. One of the legs had a small astronaut egress platform and ladder. A one-metre long conical descent engine skirt protruded from the bottom of the stage.

                   The descent stage dry mass was 2034 kg and 8212 kg of propellant were onboard initially.The ascent stage was an irregularly shaped unit approximately 2.8 m high and 4.0 by 4.3 meters in width mounted on top of the descent stage. It was launched from the Moon at the end of lunar surface operations and returned the astronauts to the CSM. The ascent stage housed the astronauts in a pressurized crew compartment with a volume of 6.65 cubic meters which functioned as the base of operations for lunar operations. There was an ingress-egress hatch in one side and a docking hatch for connecting to the CSM on top, next to a radar antenna for the rendezvous.

                                 Two triangular windows were above and to either side of the egress hatch and four thrust chamber assemblies were mounted around the sides. An environmental control system recycled oxygen and maintained temperature in the electronics and cabin. There were no seats in the LM. A control console was mounted in the front of the crew compartment above the ingress-egress hatch and between the windows and two more control panels mounted on the side walls. At the base of the assembly was the ascent engine – a fixed, constantthrust rocket with a thrust of about 15,000 N. The stage also contained an aerozine 50 fuel and an oxidizer tank, and helium, liquid oxygen, gaseous oxygen, and reaction control fuel tanks. The dry mass of the ascent stage was 2180 kg and it held 2639 kg of propellant.